AZOOSPERMIA

• Germ cell aplasia (Sertoli cell only syndrome) (29%); thickening of basement membrane (BM) with fibrosis
• Spermatocytic arrest (26%): usually at primary spermatocyte; Leydig cells normal
• Generalized fibrosis (18%)
• Normal spermatogenesis (27%): total bilateral obstruction causing secondary spermatocytic arrest with sloughing of immature spermatocytes into the lumen

OLIGOSPERMIA

• Incomplete arrest
• Spermatogenic hypoplasia (no specific arrest, just decreased production)
• Regional (incomplete) fibrosis
• Tubular hyalinization (e.g., Klinefelter's syndrome)
• Normal spermatogenesis: partial obstruction

男 生 ， 女 生 ?! 性別決定的新發現.pdf