Chronic renal failure: develops insiduously. It results from a gradual but progressive loss of normal renal function. In most instances, it occurs in four steps:
- Diminished renal reserve: These patients do not have clinical or laboratory signs of renal disease (BUN and Cr are normal). Additional testing will reveal that GFR is significantly reduced, and azotemia may develop during intercurrent diseases.
- Renal insufficiency: These patients have reduced GFR (20-50% of normal) and show signs of reduced tubular function. Laboratory findings include azotemia, anemia, and polyuria.
- Renal failure: These patients have markedly reduced GFR (<20% of normal), edema, metabolic acidosis, hypocalcemia, and multisystemic signs of uremia.
- End-stage renal failure: These patients have almost no measurable GFR (<5% of normal) and show clinical signs of uremia.
糖尿病病人之腎臟疾病照護新時代.pdf
尿毒素硫酸吲酚之生理病理角色.pdf
專家評論-尿毒素硫酸吲酚之生理病理角色.pdf
親蛋白質尿毒素—對甲酚 -p-cresol- 的病理生理學角色.pdf
硫酸吲酚及其吸附劑AST-120.pdf
專家評論（一）-硫酸吲酚及其吸附劑AST-120.pdf
專家評論（二）-慢性腎病治療的新選項.pdf
專家評論（三）-硫酸吲酚及其吸附劑AST-120.pdf