沉默殺手 - 膀胱癌.pdf

TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA

• 90% of all primary tumors of the bladder; 3% of cancer deaths
• Most patients >50 yr old; male: female =3:1; present with hematuria; TCCs can also occur in younger adults and children and tend to be low-grade indolent neoplasm.
• Risk factors: exposure to aniline dyes (esp. benzidine), smoking (4x relative risk), cyclophosphamide ingestion, phenacetin, schistosomiasis
• 75% arise from trigone region; partial or complete ureteral obstruction common